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Engineering Calculators

Unit converters and equation solvers for working engineers.

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How-To Guides

GuideHow to Design a Bolted JointFrom bolt pattern to tightening torqueGuideHow to Check a Fillet WeldPeak force → throat stress → fillet size → base metalGuideHow to Balance a Rotor & Isolate Its VibrationSpeed² force → isolation → bearing life → materialGuideHow to Size a Pump for a Piping SystemFluid properties → head → power → motorGuideHow to Size a Drainage Channel or CulvertDesign flow → channel shape → normal depth → velocity & regimeGuideHow to Design a ShaftFrom bending loads to diameter, fits & materialGuideHow to Mount a Gear, Pulley or Bearing on a ShaftTorque → key vs press-fit → bearing life → materialGuideHow to Design a GearboxRatio → shaft → key → bearing → materialGuideHow to Convert Rotary MotionPick the mechanism for the output motion you needGuideHow to Design a Rotary Indexing DriveIndex count → dwell → torque → motorGuideHow to Set Up a Sheet-Metal BendFlat pattern → die & radius → tonnage → punched holesGuideHow to Check a Part for FatigueFrom cyclic load to safe infinite or finite lifeGuideHow to Check a Column for BucklingFrom cross-section to critical load, slenderness & materialGuideHow to Read a Stress-Strain CurveFrom the tensile test to modulus, yield, strength & toughnessGuideHow to Size a Belt or Chain DriveFrom speed ratio to pulleys, sprockets, length & motorGuideHow to Select and Size a BeamLoads → moment → section → deflectionGuideHow to Plan a LiftCentre of gravity → sling angle → spreader bar → hardwareGuideHow to Design a Pressure VesselShell wall → heads → material → bolted closureGuideHow to Analyze a TrussMember forces → critical members → size the sections → materialGuideHow to Dial In Speeds & Feeds for a Milling JobCutting speed → RPM → feed → MRR → powerGuideHow to Measure a Screw ThreadTarget pitch diameter → three-wire method → best wire size → fit classGuideUnderstanding Gage R&R (Measurement System Analysis)What MSA is → set up the study → read %GRR & ndc → fix a bad gaugeGuideHow to Run a Process Capability StudyTrust the gauge → prove the process is stable → measure Cp & Cpk → tie it to the toleranceGuideHow to Build a BookcaseShelf span → hole layout → joinery → wood movementGuideHow to Build a French Cleat WallDesign the cleat → cut the plywood → check the load → build the holdersGuideHow to Scale and Cook a RecipeScale the batch → weigh it out → dial in the dough → set the oven → cook to temperatureGuideHow to Design a Simple Electronic CircuitOhm’s law → LED resistor → read the markings → add timing & filteringGuideHow to Size and Wire a CircuitLoad current → wire gauge → voltage drop → conduit fillGuideHow to Knit or Crochet a Garment That FitsSwatch → measure gauge → stitch count → needle sizeGuideHow to Estimate Building Heat LossFabric loss → ventilation → heating plant → distributionGuideHow to Lay Out a Fabricated PartSolve the triangles → divide the circle → hole coordinates → set out the curvesGuideHow to Design a Part for 3D PrintingModel the solid → pick a material → cost the print → design in the fits

Mechanics & Motion

ToolFour-Bar Linkage SimulatorAnimate the mechanism & trace the coupler curveToolSlider-Crank SimulatorAnimate the piston engine & get its motionToolScotch Yoke SimulatorAnimate the slotted yoke & get the SHM motionToolQuick-Return Mechanism SimulatorAnimate the crank-shaper & get the time ratioToolToggle / Knuckle-Joint Press CalculatorTurn a small push into a huge clamping forceToolCam Profile GeneratorDesign follower motion & export the profile (DXF)ToolGeneva Mechanism CalculatorIndex angle, dwell, peak speed, acceleration & torqueToolUniversal Joint SimulatorHooke’s / Cardan joint velocity rippleToolProjectile Motion CalculatorRange, max height, flight time & impact + animated arcToolSimple Pendulum CalculatorPeriod, frequency & the large-amplitude correction + animated swingToolInclined Plane / Ramp Friction CalculatorWill it hold or slide? Angle of repose & push forceToolCapstan / Belt-Friction CalculatorHold force, wraps & the e^(μβ) ruleConverterSpeedConverterAccelerationConverterTimeConverterFrequencyCalculatorVelocityv=Δx/tCalculatorAccelerationa=Δv/tCalculatorFinal Velocity (constant acceleration)v = v0 + a·tCalculatorDisplacement (constant acceleration)x = v0t + ½a·t2CalculatorVelocity from Displacement (constant acceleration)v2 = v02 + 2a·xCalculatorWave Speedv=fλCalculatorCentripetal Accelerationa=v2/rCalculatorPendulum PeriodT=2π√(L/g)Calculatorde Broglie Wavelengthλ=h/pCalculatorAngular Velocityω=v/rCalculatorPeriod & FrequencyT=1/fCalculatorAngular Frequencyω=2πfCalculatorWavenumberk=2π/λ

Forces & Structures

ToolTruss AnalyzerMember forces, tension/compression & DXF exportToolBeam CalculatorShear & bending moment diagramsToolMohr’s Circle CalculatorPrincipal stresses & stress transformationToolSection Properties CalculatorArea, moment of inertia & section modulusToolBuilt-Up Section Properties CalculatorComposite centroid, moment of inertia & principal axesToolColumn Buckling CalculatorEuler critical load, slenderness & mode shapeToolPressure Vessel Stress CalculatorHoop & longitudinal stress, Lamé & wall thicknessToolFatigue / Goodman Diagram CalculatorConstant-life diagram & factor of safetyToolS-N Curve / Fatigue-Life EstimatorWöhler curve & cycles to failureToolNotch Sensitivity / Fatigue Factor Kf Calculatorq & Kf = 1 + q(Kt−1) from KtToolEndurance Limit Calculator (Marin Factors)Corrected Se from Sut — kakbkckdkeToolSling Angle & Leg Tension CalculatorLoad-angle factor 1/sinθ & tension per legToolTwo-Point Lift Load Share CalculatorLoad on each pick from the centre of gravityToolTrailer Tongue Weight & Axle Load CalculatorTongue weight, axle load & the 10–15% bandToolFloating Shelf Load Capacity CalculatorBracket pull-out & how much a shelf holdsToolLever & Seesaw Balance CalculatorMoment balance: which way it tips & the balance pointToolLadder Safe Angle CalculatorWill the feet slip? Safe lean angle & the 4-to-1 ruleToolForklift Load Capacity CalculatorLoad-centre derating, capacity & tip-over marginToolRetaining Wall CalculatorOverturning & sliding stability from earth pressureConverterMassConverterDensityConverterForceConverterPressureConverterTorqueConverterSpecific VolumeCalculatorForceF=maCalculatorFriction ForceF=μNCalculatorPressurep=F/ACalculatorDensityρ=m/VCalculatorStressσ=EεCalculatorHooke's LawF=kxCalculatorWeightW=mgCalculatorMomentump=mvCalculatorNewton’s GravitationF=Gm1m2/r2CalculatorTorqueτ=rFCalculatorAngular MomentumL=IωCalculatorEscape Velocityv=√(2GM/r)CalculatorCentripetal ForceF=mv2/rCalculatorGravitational Field Strengthg=GM/r2CalculatorImpulseJ=FΔtCalculatorEngineering Strainε=ΔL/LCalculatorMoment of Inertia (Point Mass)I=mr2CalculatorKepler's Third LawT2=4π2a3/GMCalculatorMoment of Inertia (Solid Disk)I=½mr2CalculatorHoop Stress (Thin-Walled)σ=PD/2tCalculatorShear Stressτ=F/ACalculatorBending Stressσ=My/ICalculatorTorsional Shear Stressτ=Tr/JCalculatorSecond Moment of Area (Rectangle)I=bh³/12CalculatorPolar Moment of Area (Solid Shaft)J=πd⁴/32CalculatorSection ModulusZ=I/cReferenceMetric Tap Drill Chart14-row reference tableReferenceInch Tap Drill Chart (UNC / UNF)39-row reference table

Machine Design

ToolVibration Isolation CalculatorNatural frequency, transmissibility & mount sizingToolShaft Design CalculatorBending + torsion stress & safety factorToolShaft Torsion Calculator (Angle of Twist)Angle of twist, shear stress & torsional stiffnessToolShaft Critical Speed Calculator (Whirling Speed)First critical / whirling speed — rotor + self-weightToolBolt Torque CalculatorTightening torque & preload (T = K·F·d)ToolBolt Circle CalculatorHole X/Y coordinate generator (PCD)ToolHexagonal Packing CalculatorStaggered grid spacing, coordinates & container fitToolBolt Group Shear CalculatorEccentric load: force on each bolt + critical boltToolWeld Group Shear CalculatorEccentric load: peak force per unit length + fillet sizeToolISO Fits & Tolerances CalculatorHole/shaft limits & clearance (H7/g6)ToolPress-Fit / Interference-Fit CalculatorContact pressure, holding torque & shrink-fit temperatureToolHydraulic Cylinder CalculatorExtend & retract force, speed & volumeToolPneumatic Valve Sizing CalculatorCv for multiple cylinders + schematicToolGear Ratio CalculatorSpeed, torque & animated gear trainToolPlanetary Gear CalculatorEpicyclic ratio, torque split & animationToolGear Generator (3D)Design a spur gear in 3D & export STEP/STLTool3D Modeler (CAD)Build a solid from primitives & booleans — export STEP/STLToolCompression Spring CalculatorRate, force, stress & animated coilToolBelt & Pulley CalculatorRatio, belt speed, length & animationToolChain & Sprocket CalculatorRatio, chain length, centre distance & speedToolLead Screw / Power Screw CalculatorRaise/lower torque, efficiency & self-lockingToolKeyway / Parallel Key Sizing CalculatorShaft key shear & bearing stress + cross-sectionToolBearing Life Calculator (L10)ISO 281 rating life, hours & required ratingToolFlywheel Energy & Burst-Speed CalculatorEnergy stored, rim stress & burst speedCalculatorCylinder Piston Speedv=4Q/(πD2)CalculatorShaft PowerP=τωCalculatorShaft Power from RPMP=τNπ/30CalculatorMechanical Efficiencyη=Pout/PinCalculatorHydraulic / Pneumatic PowerP=QΔPCalculatorPipe Pressure Drop (Darcy–Weisbach)ΔP=f(L/D)ρv2/2CalculatorOrifice / Valve Flow RateQ=CdA√(2ΔP/ρ)CalculatorLead Screw Drive TorqueT=F·lead/(2πη)CalculatorBolt Tightening Torque & PreloadT=K·d·FCalculatorBelt / Gear Peripheral Speedv=πDN/60CalculatorPump Hydraulic PowerP=ρgQHCalculatorPump Brake (Shaft) PowerP=ρgQH/ηCalculatorFan / Blower PowerP=QΔp/ηReferenceISO Tolerance Grades (IT) Chart13-row reference table

Manufacturing

Industrial Engineering

Statistics

Materials

Fluids

ToolPipe Pressure Drop CalculatorDarcy–Weisbach head loss, Δp & pumping powerToolOpen-Channel Flow Calculator (Manning)Discharge, velocity, normal depth & Froude numberToolPump Power & Affinity Law CalculatorHydraulic, shaft & motor power; speed/impeller scalingToolTotal Dynamic Head CalculatorPump head: static + pressure + frictionToolDrag Force & Terminal Velocity CalculatorDrag force, dynamic pressure, power & terminal velocityToolFluid Properties DatabaseDensity, viscosity & heat properties vs temperatureConverterMass FlowConverterVolume FlowConverterDynamic ViscosityConverterKinematic ViscosityConverterSurface TensionCalculatorReynolds NumberRe=ρVD/μCalculatorVolumetric Flow RateQ=AVCalculatorHydrostatic PressureP=ρghCalculatorDrag ForceF=½ρv2CdACalculatorHagen–Poiseuille FlowQ=πr4ΔP/8μLCalculatorBuoyant ForceF=ρgVCalculatorYoung–Laplace PressureΔP=2γ/rCalculatorMass Flow Rateṁ=ρAvCalculatorCapillary Rise (Jurin)h=2γ/ρgrCalculatorPrandtl NumberPr=μcp/kCalculatorMach NumberMa=v/cCalculatorHydraulic RadiusRh=A/PCalculatorWeber NumberWe=ρv²L/γCalculatorFroude NumberFr=v/√(gL)CalculatorPéclet NumberPe=vL/αCalculatorSpecific Weightγ=ρgCalculatorSpeed of Sound in a Gasc=√(γRT/M)CalculatorGrashof NumberGr=gβΔT L³/ν²CalculatorPump / Fan Affinity Law — FlowQ2/Q1=N2/N1CalculatorPump / Fan Affinity Law — Head / PressureH2/H1=(N2/N1)2CalculatorPump / Fan Affinity Law — PowerP2/P1=(N2/N1)3CalculatorSchmidt NumberSc=ν/DCalculatorStrouhal NumberSt=fL/vCalculatorKnudsen NumberKn=λ/LCalculatorCapillary NumberCa=μv/γCalculatorBond (Eötvös) NumberBo=ρgL²/γReferenceNPS Pipe Schedule Chart18-row reference table

Heat & Energy

ToolComposite Wall R-Value CalculatorR-value, U-value & heat loss + temperature profileToolHeat Exchanger Calculator (LMTD)Heat duty, area, LMTD, effectiveness & NTUToolPipe Heat Loss & Insulation CalculatorHeat loss per metre, surface temp & lagging thicknessToolThermal Expansion & Stress CalculatorGrowth ΔL = αLΔT & restrained stressToolPsychrometric CalculatorMoist-air properties & live psychrometric chartToolHVAC Duct Sizing CalculatorSize a round or rectangular duct for a given airflowConverterEnergyConverterPowerConverterTemperatureConverterThermal ConductivityConverterSpecific HeatConverterHeat Transfer CoefficientConverterHeat Flux (Irradiance)ConverterSpecific Energy (Calorific Value)ConverterVolumetric Energy DensityConverterThermal ResistanceCalculatorPotential EnergyPE=mghCalculatorKinetic EnergyKE=½mv2CalculatorIdeal Gas LawPV=nRTCalculatorSensible HeatQ=mcΔTCalculatorLatent HeatQ=mLCalculatorThermal Efficiencyη=W/QCalculatorStefan–Boltzmann Lawj=σT4CalculatorWien's Displacement LawλmaxT=bCalculatorIdeal Gas Densityρ=PM/RTCalculatorHeat Conduction RateQ=kAΔT/LCalculatorMass–Energy EquivalenceE=mc2CalculatorPhoton EnergyE=hfCalculatorMechanical PowerP=FvCalculatorRotational Kinetic EnergyE=½Iω2CalculatorElastic Potential EnergyE=½kx2CalculatorGravitational Potential EnergyU=GMm/rCalculatorLinear Thermal ExpansionΔL=αLΔTCalculatorRMS Molecular Speedv=√(3kBT/m)CalculatorRotational PowerP=τωCalculatorElectrical EnergyE=PtCalculatorConductive Thermal ResistanceR=L/kACalculatorHeat Fluxq=Q/ACalculatorBiot NumberBi=hL/kCalculatorThermal Diffusivityα=k/ρcpCalculatorNusselt NumberNu=hL/kCalculatorStanton NumberSt=h/(ρv c_p)CalculatorVolumetric Thermal ExpansionΔV=βVΔTCalculatorLewis NumberLe=α/DCalculatorEckert NumberEc=v²/(c_pΔT)

Electrical & Electronics

ToolOhm’s Law CalculatorAny two of V, I, R, P → the other twoToolVoltage Drop CalculatorWire sizing: volts dropped & % over a runToolWire Ampacity & Gauge CalculatorAWG size for a load — NEC 310.16 + deratingToolConduit Fill CalculatorHow many wires fit — NEC Chapter 9 fillToolResistor Colour Code CalculatorDecode 4/5/6 bands ↔ resistanceToolCapacitor Code CalculatorDecode 104 / 4n7 ↔ capacitanceToolLED Resistor CalculatorSeries current-limiting resistor for an LEDTool555 Timer CalculatorAstable frequency & monostable pulse widthToolRC Filter CalculatorLow-pass/high-pass cutoff & Bode plotToolThree-Phase Power CalculatorkW, kVAR, kVA, power factor & capacitor sizingToolMotor Full-Load Current CalculatorFLA, kVA & starting (inrush) currentToolPCB Trace Width CalculatorCopper width for a current & temp rise (IPC-2221)ToolSchematic BuilderDraw electrical, pneumatic & hydraulic schematics — print, share & saveConverterElectric CurrentConverterVoltageConverterElectric ResistanceConverterElectric ChargeConverterCapacitanceConverterInductanceConverterElectrical ConductanceConverterMagnetic Flux DensityConverterMagnetic FluxConverterElectric Field StrengthConverterMagnetic Field StrengthCalculatorOhm's LawV=IRCalculatorElectrical PowerP=IVCalculatorRC Time Constantτ=RCCalculatorCapacitor ChargeQ=CVCalculatorPower (I²R)P=I2RCalculatorCoulomb's LawF=k q1q2/r2CalculatorCapacitor EnergyE=½CV2CalculatorPower (V²/R)P=V2/RCalculatorWire ResistanceR=ρL/ACalculatorParallel-Plate CapacitanceC=εA/dCalculatorReal Power (Power Factor)P=S·cosφCalculatorThree-Phase PowerP=√3·VLIL·pfCalculatorCapacitive ReactanceXC=1/(2πfC)CalculatorInductive ReactanceXL=2πfLCalculatorLC Resonant Frequencyf=1/(2π√(LC))CalculatorForce on a Current-Carrying ConductorF=BILCalculatorMotional EMFε=BLvCalculatorCurrent DensityJ=I/ACalculatorMagnetic FluxΦ=BACalculatorTransformer Turns RatioVp/Vs=Np/NsCalculatorElectron Drift Velocityvd=I/(nAe)CalculatorConductance & ResistanceG=1/RCalculatorResistors in Parallel1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2CalculatorResistors in SeriesR = R1 + R2 + R3CalculatorCapacitors in Series1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2CalculatorCapacitors in ParallelC = C1 + C2CalculatorVoltage DividerVout = Vin × R2 / (R1 + R2)ReferenceAWG Wire Gauge Chart34-row reference tableReferenceWire Ampacity Chart (NEC 310.16)24-row reference table

Light & Optics

Data & Computing

Geometry & Symbols

Radiation & Nuclear

Finance

Cycling

Automotive

Travel

Solar

Music & Audio

Astronomy

Home

3D Printing

Woodworking

Gardening

Food & Drink

Fiber Arts